The fact that Catherine was a woman in a position of absolute power generated both the highest admiration and the most vicious satire. She also flouted the conventions of female rule by consorting openly with twelve successive favourites, each younger than the last. Formidably (and self-) educated, she was extremely hard-working, with a commitment to ideas and a charismatic personality.
In the process, she turned her new empire from peripheral pariah to European great power. Yet she survived the initial succession crisis, and went on to occupy the Russian throne for 34 years. She was branded both a usurper and an assassin when she seized power from her wretched husband in 1762. Sophie/Catherine had come to rule in her own right over the largest state in existence since the fall of the Roman Empire. There were few greater transformations of fortunes in history.
When Catherine II died in St Petersburg in 1796 the world sensed the loss of the most celebrated monarch of Europe - something no one would have predicted at the birth 67 years before of an obscure German princess, Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, later married off to the pathetic heir to the Russian throne.
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